Larry Tranel is a field specialist with Iowa State Extension and Outreach

The authors include Paul Bartlett, Rebecca LaDronka, Vickie Ruggiero, Phil Durst, Ronald Erskine, Howard Straub, Brook Wilke, and Bo Norby. This material is based on work supported by the United States...

The author is a nutrient management educator for Michigan State University Extension

The author is a professor emeritus in the animal science department at The Ohio State University

The author is a senior extension dairy educator at Michigan State University

The author is a Ph.D. graduate student at Michigan State University

The author is extension dairy specialist and associate professor at New Mexico State University Ag Science Center in Clovis

Samantha Stamm is the 2025 Hoard’s Dairyman editorial intern. She co-owns and manages an Angus seedstock and commercial cow-calf operation with her family in northeast Kentucky, in addition to producing...